Preclinical epilepsy-related research with InnoSer
Broadly speaking, epilepsy is a large spectrum of distinct epileptic syndromes that differ in their etiologies, mechanisms, pathophysiological processes, associated comorbidities, and response profile to available therapies. Out of these epilepsy syndromes, approximately 30% of epilepsies are estimated to have a genetic etiology; examples of which are developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) such as Dravet syndrome, Rett syndrome, STXBP1 infantile encephalopathy and many other syndromes. The genetic etiology of epileptic syndromes opens up the avenue toward disease-modifying anti-epileptogenic therapies, offering patients with possibility of curative treatments.
The goal of preclinical epilepsy research is to advance laboratory findings towards clinical application by testing putative treatments in animal models with relevant genetic mutations associated with a given epilepsy syndrome. However, to ensure that preclinical discoveries are reliably translated to the clinic, it is imperative that preclinical research needs to be performed under standardized conditions with well-established mouse models with clear epilepsy-related abnormalities in the EEG. Performing efficacy studies requires validated mouse models of epilepsy, standardized experimental protocols, access to multiple technologies and behavioral testing protocols.
In this regard, partnering up with a specialized epilepsy preclinical contract research organization (CRO), may help you accelerate your novel anti-epileptic therapy to the clinic with confidence. Continue reading this blog post to learn more about the advantages of partnering up with InnoSer for your preclinical epilepsy research. In this blog post, we outline InnoSer’s epilepsy capabilities with InnoSer’s epileptic encephalopathy Stxbp1 mouse model serving as an example epilepsy model.
InnoSerの 前臨床てんかん研究モデル
Preclinical epilepsy research models provide important insights on disease mechanisms, and most importantly therapy targets and efficacy and safety profiles of novel candidate treatments for epilepsies and seizures. A suitable mouse model of epilepsy should replicate the etiology of human disease, exhibit similar disease phenotype as in humans, and can be used to test efficacy treatments i.e., they should respond to currently available gold-standard anti-epileptic compounds.
InnoSer offers specialized epilepsy preclinical research services using a unique Stxbp1+/- mouse. In this model, the loss of function of the Stxbp1 protein (also known as Munc 18-1) recapitulates several key disease characteristics observed in epileptic encephalopathy patients, including epileptic-like activity, cognitive impairments and behavioral disturbances, such as anxiety and hyperactivity. To read more about the Stxbp1 mouse model, visit our Stxbp1 mouse model overview page or download a comprehensive model leaflet here. Stxbp1 mouse model characteristics have been extensively characterized, peer-reviewed, and published (Kovacevic et al. 2018).
Our experience in modeling epilepsy, however, extends beyond this model, and we offer many relevant readouts (breeding, EEG, video scoring of seizures, behavior) that can be applied to other epilepsy-related models. The same platform can be used for other indications such as Dravet (using an Scn1a model), Rett syndrome (Mecp2 model), Tuberous sclerosis (Tsc1 model) Angelman syndrome (Ube3a model) and others. If you’re interested in other mouse models, please contact InnoSer’s neurology team by submitting your request here.
前臨床てんかん研究モデルの飼育と飼育環境 at InnoSer
InnoSer has the capacity to breed and house mouse models of epilepsy either for your research or alternatively before performing efficacy research at InnoSer. InnoSer’s strategic location in the heart of Europe in Belgium allows us to breed and maintain your specific mouse colonies and ship them out to your facilities before you commence research. This in turn helps you save maintenance costs associated with breeding and housing mouse colonies. Breeding and housing epilepsy mouse research models at InnoSer also allows us to start prophylactic treatments, which can start as early as post-natal day 1 (PND1), which can prove to be especially useful when you’re working with gene therapy treatments. Mice are housed in SPF facilities, according to the FELASA 2014 guideline recommendations. Read more about InnoSer’s standards and housing capabilities here.
てんかんマウスモデルにおける高度に翻訳可能な指標としての脳波検査(EEG)
Electroencephalography (EEG) is the main tool used to clinically diagnose seizures and epilepsy – also commonly used in rodent disease models of epilepsy. The use of clinically relevant readouts in preclinical research – such as EEG – is highly encouraged as this can help increase your confidence in your test compound’s efficacy profile, accelerating its way to the clinic and patients. By implanting electrodes superficially on the cortex of mice, intracranial EEG is performed in freely moving mice to record epileptic and epileptic-like events from the brain.
ヒトと同様に、てんかん様事象や発作は通常、脳波検査(EEG)と痙攣やミオクローヌスなどの行動徴候を組み合わせて検出・分類される。InnoSerでは、EEG、自動化された飼育ケージ内での24時間動画モニタリング、加速度計測を組み合わせ、新規抗てんかん治療の有効性プロファイルを特徴付ける (図1)。 ケージ内モニタリングにより、マウスにおける自然な行動を継続的に評価することが可能となります。連続的な映像記録と動物の移動追跡の両方が、てんかん様活動の堅牢かつ非侵襲的な検出を実現します。
図1. てんかんモデルマウスにおけるてんかん様活動記録の実験装置。(A) 神経活動は内蔵加速度計センサーを備えた無線EEGレコーダーを用いて評価する。マウスは自動化ホームケージ内で記録可能(PhenoTyperTM)内で記録可能であり、このケージは Stxbp1 +/- マウスモデル。 (B-D) Stxbp1+/-マウスのEEG信号、加速度計トレース、およびビデオ記録は、Stxbp1+/-におけるてんかん様表現型を確認する。 (B) SWDは 観察される マウスが安静時 (C) SWDの後にぎくしゃくした動きが続くことがある 動作が続くことがある (加速度計や動画記録で記録される痙攣など)。 (D) SWDsはマウスが移動している時にも検出可能である。 . (D)
Stxbp1 +/- マウスモデルでは、脳波検査(EEG)においててんかん様活動(SWDs)が認められ、筋電図検査(EMG)および/または連続動画記録システムで筋痙攣が検出される。 てんかん様活動はStxbp1 マウスモデルでは早期から認められるため、新規治療法は予防的または対症療法的アプローチが可能である。 さらに、マウスは は 持続的なてんかんsy-related 活動を示しを示し、経時的調査の実施を可能にする。これは疾患修飾薬の評価において特に重要となり得る (図2)。 さらに、このモデルではこのモデルでは、てんかん活動は神経マーカーc-Fosの発現増加と相関している (Kovacevic et al. 2018)。 臨床で使用される抗てんかん薬(AED)であるレベチラセタムおよびラモトリギンは、EEG 1におけるてんかん様活動を減少させる (図3)において、 。これにより、選択された陽性対照化合物と共に、本マウスモデルが有効性試験に使用できることが確認された。
図2. Stxbp1 +/- マウス(生後 16週齢 から 20週齢 は安定したてんかん様表現型を示す。 数週間にわたって評価したStxbp1 +/- マウスの1時間あたりのSWD平均頻度(平均値 ± SEM)。
FIGURE 3. The epilepsy-like phenotype in Stxbp1 +/- mice is suppressed with standard care AEDs Levetiracetam and Lamotrigine. Average frequency of detected SWDs during 6 hours of video recording following administration of saline, Levetiracetam (50 mg/kg, i.p,) and Lamotrigine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) (**P<0.01 saline vs Levetiracetam; ***P<0.001 saline vs Lamotrigine).
Behavioral research of mouse models of epilepsy
Epilepsy is a spectrum of disorders that are not only characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures, but also cognitive, social and behavioral deficits such as those observed in multiple epileptic encephalopathy syndromes. Therefore, preclinical research should be carried out in mouse models whereby relevant behavioral deficits can be observed to enhance the translational value of such study types. To learn more about InnoSer’s behavioral testing expertise, please visit our behavioral tests webpage overview here.
Stxbp1マウスモデルは、てんかん様活動、認知障害、不安や多動などの行動障害など、患者に観察されるいくつかの主要な疾患特徴を再現する (図4)。 さらに、このモデルは強力かつ再現性の高い認知障害と行動異常を示すことから、従来の脳波関連アウトカムのみに焦点を当てたてんかん研究を超えた応用可能性が確認されている。
図 4. Stxbp1+/- マウスは、 てんかん患者において観察される てんかん患者にみられる症状を再現し、恐怖条件付け試験中に検出可能である。 文脈的恐怖条件付けでは、マウスは無条件刺激と嫌悪的な文脈を結びつけることを学習する。いわゆるマウスの凍結反応が モニタリングされる されることで、無条件刺激と文脈の結びつきがどの程度形成されたかを評価する。この試験は不安と認知(学習と記憶)の両方を測定するものである。
てんかんマウスモデルにおける薬物動態・薬力学プロファイリング
PK/PD試験は、 開始前に実施すべきである 有効性試験の前に実施し、新規化合物の適切な投与量を決定する必要があります。 InnoSerの 統合薬理学プラットフォームにより、PK/PDプロファイリング、ADME/DMPK、 体内分布 から初期段階の毒性試験まで、 抗てんかん化合物の治療可能性を包括的に評価できますを包括的に評価できます。 当社の統合薬理学プラットフォームでは、PK/PDプロファイリングと有効性試験を組み合わせて実施することで、 InnoSer において実施することは 有利である です。なぜなら、追跡有効性試験を迅速に開始でき、 多施設試験を実施する能力を有しています。 多施設共同試験を実施する能力を有しています。 最適な 候補化合物の選定を支援します。 当社における薬理学試験の実施に関する詳細情報については、お問い合わせください。
Designing the right study design for your epilepsy research
As a preclinical epilepsy research CRO, InnoSer works with well-established validated mouse model of epilepsy, standardized data collection system, validated positive controls as well as with neurology experts who partner with you to provide a collaborative approach for your research. InnoSer partners with you to help you design your study based on our experience or alternatively offers you flexible starting times in case your study design is already finalized. Our study directors take a collaborative approach for your study, providing regular communications and updates, as well as guidance on future studies. InnoSer has capacity to work with multiple therapy types ranging from small molecule drugs, as well as working with platforms (e.g., RNA, ASOs, gene therapy approaches). Furthermore, InnoSer’s preclinical research services span beyond efficacy studies and also include general drug development services such as PK/PD profiling and early-stage toxicology studies.
Interested in partnering with InnoSer for your preclinical epilepsy research? Do not hesitate to get into contact with one of our neurology study directors to discuss the possibilities of outsourcing your research to InnoSer. Submit your request still today by clicking here.


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